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Essence of Antibody Generation and Autoimmunity
Charles Edward Ng’Hwaya Masule
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2019
Pages:
1-4
Received:
4 January 2019
Accepted:
31 January 2019
Published:
6 March 2019
Abstract: Because of the belief that lactic acid plays a role in the generation of antibodies in the muscles in humans, the aim of this study had been to establish the structure and the proper designation for the pair of anantiomers of lactic acid and for the peptide chain for distinct pathways in the generation of beneficial and destructive antibodies and to support the belief by inducing immunity against the scorpion’s poison in humans and mice. I had to designate the structures for the pair of anantiomers of lactic acid and for the protein’s peptide chain by adopting Emil Fischer’s naming convention for glucose in terms of the “D-” and “L-” name prefixes and thereupon develop an approach of uniquely marring the anantiomers in the “D-” to “L-” fashion and vice versa. I had to cause a scorpion’s bite on my right knee and another bite on my 1st toe of the right foot 28 days after the 1st bite. I had injected a plain solution of scorpion’s poison of 2 bite-equivalent units in mice in the first instance and I added D-lactic acid to the replica of the same in the second instance. D-(+)-lactic acid will refer to the lactic acid which is produced in the muscles of humans and other mammals, whereas L-(-)-lactic acid will refer to a mirror image of D-(+)-lactic acid which might be produced by lactic acid bacteria via fermentation and might also be chemically synthesized. The D-(+)-peptide chain found in humans and other mammals has its mirror image, the L-(+)-peptide chain, in pathogens. The effect of the scorpion’s bite on the knee subsided after 24 hours whereas the repeated bite on the 1st toe of the foot 28 days since the first bite went without trouble. The group of mice which received a shot of a plain solution of scorpion’s poison virtually paralyzed thereupon for 24 hours whereas the group which received the replica of the same mixed with D-lactic acid went unaffected during the observation. An antigen and its corresponding neutralizing antibody make a pair of anantiomers linked via a sugar-bridge. D-lactic acid must combine with the antigen’s L-peptide chain for beneficial antibodies whereas L-lactic acid must combine with the innocent D-peptide chain for destructive antibodies in autoimmunity but beneficial against tumors and cancer cells. The pancreas and the tissues of the muscles in humans have local capability to generate antibodies of global effect.
Abstract: Because of the belief that lactic acid plays a role in the generation of antibodies in the muscles in humans, the aim of this study had been to establish the structure and the proper designation for the pair of anantiomers of lactic acid and for the peptide chain for distinct pathways in the generation of beneficial and destructive antibodies and t...
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Pregnancy Specific Beta-1 Glycoprotein, Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Eclampsia in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Jim Monday Banda,
Geoffrey Chukwubuike Onyemelukwe,
Bolanle O. Patricia Musa,
Sunday Oladapo Shittu
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2019
Pages:
5-11
Received:
25 March 2019
Accepted:
5 May 2019
Published:
12 June 2019
Abstract: Eclampsia (EC), a human pregnancy–specific-syndrome is the life-threatening occurrence of convulsion (s) in association with signs of preeclampsia (hypertension and proteinura). Eclampsia has remained a significant public health threat, contributing to maternal and prerinatal morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. However, the pathogenic mechanism of the disease is not fully understood. Disturbance of the cytokine equilibrium has been accused for many pathological disorders including EC. Thus the aim of this study was to analyze the maternal cytokines and pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein in EC and compared results with those of normal healthy pregnant controls. Enzyme linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure levels ofpro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumor necrosis [TNF]-α, and interleukin [IL] -2), anti-inflammatory cytokines [IL-4 and IL-10] and pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein (PSG-1) in the peripheral blood of patients with EC (n=38), normal healthy pregnant women [PC] (n=25) and compared withhealthy non pregnant women controls [NPC] (n=25). Women with malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infections were excluded from the study. The overall results (Mean ±SD) were: TNF-α (2.34 ±0.13 pg/ml) in EC was significantly higher than the mean values (2.25±0.07pg/ml and 2.24±0.10 pg/ml) in PC and NPC respectively. Furthermore, EC had higher TNF-α mean value compared with NPC (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in mean IL-2 value between EC (1.69±0.17 Pg/ml), PC (1.71±0.0.09Pg/ml) and NPC (1.72±0.13Pg/ml) (P>0.05). The mean value of IL-10 was noted to be lower in EC (1.28±0.54Pg/ml) compared with: PC (1.58±0.61 Pg/ml) and NPC (2.06±0.08Pg/ml). No significant difference in IL-4 mean value exist between EC (2.45±0.10 Pg/ml) and NPC (2.45 Pg/ml) (P>0.05) but significant difference exist between EC and NPC (2.40±0.0 6Pg/ml) (P<0.05). The serum PSG-1 levels in EC (2.5±0.11 Pg/ml) and PC (2.5±0.03 Pg/ml) were similar and significantly higher than in NPC (0.06±0.020 Pg/ml) P<0.05. While a pro-inflammatory cytokine environment was demonstrated in EC, and decreased anti-inflammatory reactivity, EC was not associated with low levels of PSG-1. Further research is advocated to discover how anti-inflammatory cytokines could be exploited as a therapeutic agent for women at high risk of EC.
Abstract: Eclampsia (EC), a human pregnancy–specific-syndrome is the life-threatening occurrence of convulsion (s) in association with signs of preeclampsia (hypertension and proteinura). Eclampsia has remained a significant public health threat, contributing to maternal and prerinatal morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. However, the pathogenic mechanism of ...
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Epidemiological Status of Bacterial Meningitis Disease Following the Introduction of the Meningococcal A Conjugate Vaccine in the African Meningitis Belt
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2019
Pages:
12-22
Received:
16 May 2019
Accepted:
25 June 2019
Published:
16 July 2019
Abstract: Bacterial meningitis disease is a burden in the African meningitis belt. Before 2010, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A (Neisseria meningitidis A) was the predominant pathogen causing about 90 percent of meningitis epidemics in Africa. The meningococcal A conjugate vaccine (MACV) protecting against Neisseria meningitidis A was introduced since 2010. The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine the magnitude and fatality of meningitis bacterial disease in Africa following the introduction of MACV from 2010 and 2017. An interrupted time series design and nonprobability sampling were used. Secondary data issued of meningitis enhanced surveillance were retrieved from World Health Organization database. The binomial negative regression and Pearson’s Chi-Square tests were used. The study found that after the MACV introduction there was a 39% decline of incidence rate of meningitis suspected cases (IRR 0.61, 95% CI 0.48 – 0.79, p < .001) and 99% decline of the risk of Neisseria meningitidis A (RR 0.01, 95% CI 0.08-0.013). There was a difference in the meningitis CFR before and after MACV introduction in 21 out of the 26 countries of African meningitis belt. After the introduction of MACV, there was a 46% decline in risk to report high CFR (>10%) after the MACV immunization (RR 0.547, 95% CI 0.40 – 0.74). There was a 49% decline of fatal meningitis (IRR 0.51, 95% CI 0.41 – 0.68, p < .001). After 2010, Neisseria meningitidis A declined and S. Pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis W135, Neisseria meningitidis C, Neisseria meningitidis X, and Hib became predominant. Between 2010 and 2017 Neisseria meningitidis all serogroups concerned remained higher the other pathogens 15,885 (62.06%) Vs 25,596. The study showed that following the MACV introduction despite the dramatic reduction of Neisseria meningitidis A, meningococcal meningitis bacterial disease remains a major public health problem.
Abstract: Bacterial meningitis disease is a burden in the African meningitis belt. Before 2010, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A (Neisseria meningitidis A) was the predominant pathogen causing about 90 percent of meningitis epidemics in Africa. The meningococcal A conjugate vaccine (MACV) protecting against Neisseria meningitidis A was introduced since 201...
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