A Review on: Antibody Engineering for Development of Therapeutic Antibodies
Gemechu Chala,
Birhanu Hailu,
Aynalem Mandefro
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
27-36
Received:
27 March 2015
Accepted:
25 April 2015
Published:
8 May 2015
Abstract: The development of hybridoma technology in 1975 by the two scientists, Kohler and Milstein, has opened a new era for production of specific antibodies in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases both in animals and humans. Since then, many scientists have worked much in the field of antibody cloning and fragmentation technique to produce a very specific antibody called monoclonal antidody which is very usefull in the disease combating activity. An antibody is a large Y-shaped glycoprotein produced by B-cells. Therapeutic antibodies represent one of the fastest growing areas of the pharmaceutical industry. Antibodies have been engineered by a variety of methods to suit a particular therapeutic use. Hybridomas are cells that have been engineered to produce a desired antibody in large amounts, to produce monoclonal antibodies. Mouse antibodies have been reengineered in vitro to replace framework amino acid residues with corresponding human sequences through antibody fragment engineering. For use of antibodies as therapeutics, a diversity of engineered antibody forms have been created to improve their efficacy, including enhancing effector functions of full-length antibodies, delivering toxins to kill cells or cytokines in order to stimulate immune system, bispecific antibodies to target multiple receptors, and intrabodies to interfere and inhibit cellular processes inside cells in a number of ways. One technology that has been explored to generate low immunogenicity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for in vitro therapy involves the use of transgenic animals and plants expressing repertories of the target antibody gene sequences. This technology has now been exploited by over a dozen different pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies toward developing new therapy mAbs. Now a days, scientists are using transgenic animals and plants to produce specific antibodies (monoclonal antibodies) and are showing an innovative promise in future to solve many disease cost problems both in animal and human. However, the use and industrial production of monoclonal antibodies through the application of antibody engineering is still less than the expected value, mostly in developing country’s including Ethiopia.
Abstract: The development of hybridoma technology in 1975 by the two scientists, Kohler and Milstein, has opened a new era for production of specific antibodies in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases both in animals and humans. Since then, many scientists have worked much in the field of antibody cloning and fragmentation technique to produce a v...
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Relationship Between ABO and Rhesus Blood Groups and Susceptibility to Asthma Within Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria
Moses Nnaemeka Alo,
Ukpai Agwu Eze,
Saidu Abdulhi Yaro,
Bello Jubril,
Nelson Nnanna Nwanoke
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
37-41
Received:
25 May 2015
Accepted:
1 June 2015
Published:
16 June 2015
Abstract: Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the airways which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of wheezing. As at 2011, World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that approximately 235 million people worldwide were affected by asthma. This study aims to evaluate and determine the susceptibility of ABO and Rh blood groups to asthma. A total of 200 clinically confirmed asthmatic patients and 100 apparently healthy individuals within Sokoto metropolis were prospectively enrolled and their blood group status were determined using red blood cell agglutination method. In this research work, the result obtained shows that 74 asthmatic patients constituting 37.0% out of the total 200 patients who participated in the study are blood group A, 56 (28.0%) are blood group B, 26 (13.0%) are blood group AB and 44 (22.0%) are blood group O. For Rh blood group, out of the 200 study subjects, 181 (90.5%) are Rh positive and 19 (9.5%) are Rh negative. Among 100 control participants 26 (26.0%) have A blood group, 24 (24.0%) have B blood group, 2 (2.0%) have AB blood group, and 48 (48.0%) have O blood group. No statistical difference was observed between Rh system in study subjects and controls, but blood group A was significantly higher in asthma patients compared to controls (P<0.05).
Abstract: Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the airways which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of wheezing. As at 2011, World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that approximately 235 million people wor...
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Subcutaneous versus Sublingual Immunotherapy for Allergic Rhinitis therapy: Which Is Superior
Magdy Abdullah Sayedelahl,
Naser Nagib Nasr,
Mahmoud Hamed Akr,
Dina Sayed Sheha,
Tahany Mohamed Rabie
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
42-46
Received:
8 June 2015
Accepted:
18 June 2015
Published:
2 July 2015
Abstract: Background: A randomized single-blinded study including 50 patients with allergic rhinitis. Objective: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of subcutaneous versus sublingual immunotherapy in treatment of allergic rhinitis. Materials and methods: Patients divided into Group A: twenty patients received subcutaneous immunotherapy and group B: twenty patients received sublingual immunotherapy for twelve months. We assessed skin prick test, symptom score and medication use, quality of life and nasal smear eosinophilic count before and after treatment. Results: In group A, clinical improvement was achieved in 100% of monosensitised and 62.5% of polysensitised patients, while in group B 100% of monosensitised and 60% of of polysensitised patients exhibited clinical improvement. Conclusion: The subcutaneous and sublingual routes of immunotherapy have similar efficacy.
Abstract: Background: A randomized single-blinded study including 50 patients with allergic rhinitis. Objective: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of subcutaneous versus sublingual immunotherapy in treatment of allergic rhinitis. Materials and methods: Patients divided into Group A: twenty patients received subcutaneous immunotherapy and group B: twenty p...
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